Anal cancer - a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.
Anal opening - is the lower extremity of the rectum through which stool removed from the body. Anal opening is formed partly from the outer layers of the skin of the body and partly from the tissues of the intestine. Two ring-shaped muscles, or sphincters open and close the anus, where stool removed from the body. Anal Canal - the final part of the rectum of about 4 cm in length, which ends with the anus.
Land of the skin around the anus is called the perianal area. Tumors in this area - tumors of the skin, but not anal cancer.
The presence of the organism human papillomavirus (HPV) increases the risk of anal cancer.
Risk factors include:
- Age over 50 years.
- The presence of the organism human papillomavirus (HPV).
- A large number of sexual partners.
- Anal sex ( «takes» Partner).
- Frequent redness, swelling, soreness of the anus.
- The presence of anal fistulas (abnormal openings).
- Smoking.
Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anal canal or rectum, as well as swelling in the anal canal.
Anal cancer may cause the following symptoms. Similar symptoms can be caused by other diseases. Should be turning to your doctor if you are experiencing:
- Bleeding from the anus or rectum.
- Pain or pressure in the area around the anus.
- Itching or discharge from the anus.
- Swelling of the anus.
Changing the rhythm of bowel movements.
To identify and diagnose anal cancer, conducted a survey of the rectum and anal canal.
The following survey methods and procedures:
- Inspection and preparation history. The inspections are to determine the general state of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as swelling or other signs that seem unusual. The patient was questioned about the way of life, past illnesses and their treatment.
- A digital rectal study. Investigation of the anus and rectum. Wearing gloves and causing finger lubricant, the doctor introduces him to the lower rectum to determine whether there is swelling, or anything else that might seem unusual.
- Anoscope. Investigation of the anus and lower rectum using a short glowing tubes, called anoscope.
- Rectoscopy. Investigation of the rectum using a short luminous tubes, called rectoscope.
- Endoanalnaya and endorectal ultrasonography. Procedure in which an ultrasonic transducer (probe) is introduced into the anal canal or rectum. The sensor produces high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound), which are reflected from the internal tissues and organs, and picks up the echo. Echo forms an image of body tissues, which is called sonogram.
- Biopsy. Fence cells and tissues, which a pathologist examines under a microscope for signs of cancer. If abnormal area is found during anoscope, biopsies can be performed simultaneously with this procedure.
On the prognosis (chance of recovery) and choice of treatment affected by certain factors.
- Prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following factors:
- The size of the tumor.
- In what part of the anal canal is located tumor.
- Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.
The method of treatment depends on the following factors:
- Stage of cancer.
- In what part of the anal canal is located tumor.
- Is there in the patient's human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
- Remains whether the disease after initial treatment, and suffered a relapse
|
